Figure 1-8. Fragmentation Patterns Associated with a Typical HEI Projectile

TM-1-1520-240-BD Army CH-47D Heilcopter (NSN 1520-01-088-3869) (EIC:RCD) Manual
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TM 1-1520-240-BD Figure 1-8. Fragmentation Patterns Associated with a Typical HEI Projectile b. Effects. The effect of an HEI impact on metal airframe structure depends on the fuse mechanism and the configuration of the structure. For light skin and stringer construction, the delay-fused projectile normally produces a relatively clean penetration on the entry side. In an empty enclosed structure such as a tailcone, exploding fragments penetrate the opposite skin and produce massive damage. Total disintegration occurs in the path of the large, closely-spaced, high-energy fragments directly ahead of the projectile. Flying fragments cause numerous penetrations in the surrounding structure. Shock wave and overpressure effects produce tearing and distortion of the metal. When the HEI projectile strikes major structures such as frames and beams, damage may include the loss of large sections of material and budding and distortion of the structure. In case where the projectile impacts a thin light structure such as a tail fin, complete penetration may occur before the explosion takes place. This will greatly diminish the damage sustained. 1-13. NBC WARFARE The primary countermeasure to the NBC threat must be the ability to continue ACM/BDR while subjected to attack. Flight and ground support personnel, must be constantly aware of the effects the NBC weapons can have on their operations. Personnel must be familiar with detection and decontamination techniques, protective clothing, and equipment. The standard decontaminates and decon procedures currently used with ruin many types of aviation equipment and materials. However, simple common sense measures can be used to avoid becoming contamination. During inspections, battle- damage repair and cannibalization actions maintenance personnel must wear NBC protective clothing and must partially decontaminate work areas and components. Use of JP-4, hot soapy water, or a decontaminate will suffice. No guidelines exist on which decontaminants can be used on specific components. 1-14. THREATS ON THE GROUND . Aircraft on the ground may be exposed to mortars, bombs, and artillery. Direct hits or hits near the aircraft will probably damage the aircraft beyond repair. Damage which can be repaired may occur when a device explodes some distance away, and the aircraft is struck by fragments and blast. Fires may also cause damage. 1-12

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